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2-D Radiative Transfer in Protostellar Envelopes: I. Effects of Geometry on Class I Sources

机译:protostellar信封中的二维辐射传递:I。几何的影响   关于I类来源

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摘要

We present 2-D radiation transfer models of Class I Protostars and show theeffect of including more realistic geometries on the resulting spectral energydistributions and images. We begin with a rotationally flattened infallingenvelope as our comparison model, and add a flared disk and bipolar cavity. Thedisk affects the spectral energy distribution most strongly at edge-oninclinations, causing a broad dip at about 10 um (independent of the silicatefeature) due to high extinction and low scattering albedo in this wavelengthregion. The bipolar cavities allow more direct stellar+disk radiation to emergeinto polar directions, and more scattering radiation to emerge into alldirections. The wavelength-integrated flux, often interpreted as luminosity,varies with viewing angle, with pole-on viewing angles seeing 2-4 times as muchflux as edge-on, depending on geometry. Thus, observational estimates ofluminosity should take into account the inclination of a source. The envelopeswith cavities are significantly bluer in near-IR and mid-IR color-color plotsthan those without cavities. Using 1-D models to interpret Class I sources withbipolar cavities would lead to an underestimate of envelope mass and anoverestimate of the implied evolutionary state. We compute images at near-,mid-, and far-IR wavelengths. We find that the mid-IR colors and images aresensitive to scattering albedo, and that the flared disk shadows the midplaneon large size scales at all wavelengths plotted. Finally, our models producepolarization spectra which can be used to diagnose dust properties, such asalbedo variations due to grain growth. Our results of polarization across the3.1 um ice feature agree well with observations for ice mantles covering 5% ofthe radius of the grains.
机译:我们提出了I类Protostars的二维辐射传输模型,并显示了在生成的光谱能量分布和图像上包括更逼真的几何形状的效果。我们从旋转变平的落入信封开始作为我们的比较模型,然后添加张开的圆盘和双极腔。圆盘在边缘倾斜时对光谱能量分布的影响最大,由于该波长区域的高消光和低散射反照率,导致大约10 um处的宽倾角(与硅酸盐特征无关)。双极型腔允许更直接的恒星+盘状辐射向极方向射出,并且更多的散射辐射向各个方向射出。波长积分通量(通常被解释为光度)随视角而变化,视几何形状而定,杆上视角的通量是边缘通量的2-4倍。因此,对发光度的观察估计应考虑到光源的倾斜度。在近红外和中红外色图中,带有空腔的信封比没有空腔的信封明显更蓝。使用一维模型来解释具有双极型腔的I类源将导致对包络质量的低估而对隐含的演化状态的高估。我们计算近,中和远红外波长的图像。我们发现,中红外色和图像对散射反照率敏感,并且在绘制的所有波长下,张开的圆盘都在大尺寸尺度上遮盖了中平面。最后,我们的模型会产生极化光谱,可用于诊断粉尘特性,例如由于晶粒生长导致的反照率变化。我们在3.1 um冰面上的极化结果与覆盖了5%半径的冰幔的观测结果非常吻合。

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